Suchergebnisse

REALIGNMENT THEORY IS A RECENT BUT FLOURISHING SUB-BRANCH OF THE STUDY OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES. OVER THE LAST THIRTY YEARS, THE ORIGINAL SUGGESTIONS OF ITS INVENTOR. V. O. KEY. HAVE BEEN ELABORATED AND REFINED IN SEVERAL DIRECTIONS AND THROUGH SEVERAL PHASES, GRADUALLY BEING MODIFIED TO TAKE VARIATIONS IN HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES MORE CAREFULLY INTO ACCOUNT. PROBLEMS OF THE SAME KIND OFTEN OCCUR, AND ARE LIKELY TO PROVE EVEN LESS MANAGEABLE, WHEN EFFORTS ARE MADE TO APPLY THE THEORY TO ANOTHER POLITICAL SYSTEM AND CULTURE AS AUTHORS FROM BOTH COUNTRIES (AND FROM NEITHER) HAVE IN RECENT YEARS TRIED, MORE OR LESS EXPLICITLY, TO USE IT TO EXPLAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BRITISH PARTY SYSTEM. SOME TECHNIQUES TRAVEL QUITE WELL, AND SOME USEFUL INSIGHTS CAN BE OBTAINED BY LOOKING AFRESH AT FAMILIAR PATTERNS IN THE LIGHT OF SIMILAR EXPERIENCES ELSEWHERE. BUT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONS AND STATES PRECLUDE ANY RIGOROUS ATTEMPT TO APPLY A THEORY DERIVED FROM THE HISTORY OF ONE COUNTRY WITH A VIEW TO EXPLAINING THE EXPERIENCES OF THE OTHER. LIKE SO MUCH OF THE VALUABLE WORK IN THE STUDY OF AMERICAN POLITICS, REALIGNMENT THEORY BEGAN WITH AN ARTICLE OF KEY'S PUBLISHED A GENERATION AGO. BEFORE LONG IT GOT OUT OF HAND. IT IS TRULY A CASE OF KEY SNEEZING AND POLITICAL SCIENCE CATCHING A COLD.'1 AMERICAN COMMENTATORS HAD MADE A NUMBER OF ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THEIR PARTY SYSTEM WHICH WERE WIDELY TAKEN FOR GRANTED. TWO MAJOR PARTIES, AND ONLY TWO, WOULD EXIST NATIONALLY, AND THPY: 1985

BRITAIN, THE BAD BOY OF EUROPE, THE ODD MAN OUT, LIVED UP TO ITS REPUTATION IN THE 1984 ELECTION TO THE STRASBOURG PARLIAMENT. IT HAD THE LOWEST TURNOUT AMONG THE TEN. IT WAS THE ONLY COUNTRY NOT TO USE PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. AND IT WAS THE ONLY COUNTRY TO SWING TO THE LEFT.

AUSTRALIA WENT TO THE POLLS ON 5 MARCH 1983 FOR THE SIXTH TIME IN JUST OVER 10 YEARS. AND IN AN ORDERLY, UNEXCITING ELECTION THEY THREW OUT MALCOLM FRASER'S SEVEN-YEAR-OLD LIBERAL COALITION GOVERNMENT AND GAVE THE AUSTRALIAN LABOR PARTY ITS BEST CHANCE SINCE THE 1940S TO ESTABLISH ITSELF AS THE PARTY OF GOVERNMENT. THE BASIC EXPLANATION FOR THE CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT, WITH A 4 PER CENT SWING FROM 1980, PROBABLY LIES IN THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY. AUSTRALIA IS A DEEPLY GROWTH-ORIENTED COUNTRY AND THE SURGING ADVANCES OF THE 1950S AND 1960S CAME TO A HALT WITH THE WORLD DEPRESSION AT THE END OF THE 1970S. BY 1982 THE OECD PUT AUSTRALIA AT THE BOTTOM OF ITS LEAGUE TABLE FOR INFLATION AND FOR STAGNATION AND IT LOOKED AS IF IT WOULD SOON BE AT THE BOTTOM FOR UNEMPLOYMENT. 'IN BAD TIMES, THROW THE RASCALS OUT' IS A FAMILIAR ADAGE. IN SOME COUNTRIES, NOTABLY BRITAIN, OBSERVERS CLAIM THAT THERE IS A NEW AWARENESS OF HOW MUCH BAD TIMES ARE DUE TO EXTERNAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND OF HOW LITTLE POLITICIANS CAN DO; THIS COULD TURN THE ADAGE UPSIDE DOWN. MR FRASER'S ADVISERS HOPED THAT HE WOULD BE SAVED BY POPULAR SCEPTICISM ABOUT THE LABOR PARTY AND ITS LEADER. BUT HIS RUBBISHING OF HIS OPPONENTS MAY HAVE PROVED COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE: AFTER ALL, THE LABOR TEAM, FAR MORE THAN WHEN GOUGH WHITLAM WON IN 1972, WAS MADE UP OF PRUDENT, MODERATE MEN WHO WERE NOT GOING TO FRIGHTEN EVEN THE CAUTIOUS CONSERVATIVE VOTERS OF AUSTRALIA.

THE 1982 US ELECTION COMPLETED THE DESTRUCTION OF THE MYTH THAT 1980 SAW A REPUBLICAN LANDSLIDE. IT DISAPPOINTED THE ELECTION-EVE EXPECTATIONS OF THE DEMOCRATS, BUT WAS FAR CRUELLER TO THE EARLIER HOPES OF THE REPUBLICANS, THOUGH THEIR FINANCIAL ADVANTAGE KEPT THEIR LOSSES DOWN. OLD POLITICAL FORCES-PARTIES AND UNIONS-PLAYED A MORE ACTIVE PART THAN IN RECENT YEARS, AND TURNOUT ROSE FOR THE FIRST TIME FOR TWO DECADES. THE RESULTS SHOULD MAKE INTERNAL DIFFERENCES LESS DIVISIVE AMONG DEMOCRATS, MORE SO AMONG REPUBLICANS, ESPECIALLY WITH THE CRUSHING EXPOSURE OF THE BOGUS CLAIMS OF THE 'NEW RIGHT'. BUT IF THE ECONOMY RECOVERS, SO MAY THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.

WHY HAVE THE WASHINGTON AUTHORITIES UNDER BOTH DEMOCRAT AND REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATIONS CHOSEN TO DEVOTE SO MUCH TIME, MONEY, AND POLITICAL CAPITAL TO THE PURSUIT OF A POLICY IN CENTRAL AMERICA THAT MOST INTERNATIONAL OPINION, AND A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF DOMESTIC US OPINION, CONSIDERS TO BE UNWARRANTED INTERFERENCE? THE STANDARD ANSWERS TO THIS QUESTION FALL INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS, EACH WITH STRONG IDEOLOGICAL CONNOTATIONS. THE OFFICIAL AMERICAN POSITION, MOST FORCEFULLY EXPRESSED IN SPEECHES BY SUCH PROMINENT FIGURES AS EX-SECRETARY OF STATE ALEXANDER HAIG, UN AMBASSADOR JEANE KIRKPATRICK AND PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN HIMSELF, JUDGE EVENTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA AS YET ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WORLDWIDE SOVIET EXPANSIONISM, IN THIS CASE CHANNELLED THROUGH CUBA.

AN EFFORT IS MADE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF DECENNIAL CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING AND REAPPORTIONMENT ON THE 1982 ELECTION. NOTIONAL RESULTS OF THE 1982 ELECTION FOUGHT ON THE 1980 BOUNDARIES WERE COMPARED WITH THE ACTUAL RESULTS FROM 1982 TO DISCOVER WHICH ELECTION VICTORIES WERE DECISIVELY AFFECTED BY BOUNDARY CHANGES. NEW SEATS AWARDED THROUGH REAPPORTIONMENT WERE SCRUTINIZED TO DETERMINE WHICH PARTY WAS INTENDED TO BENEFIT; CONTESTS WHICH DEFIED BOUNDARY DRAWER'S INTENTIONS WERE SCORED AS GENUINE ELECTORAL REVERSES. TABULATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARGINALS AND SAFE SEATS IS ATTEMPTED, WITH THE INTENTION OF ANALYSING WHETHER THERE WAS ANY CHANGE IN THE FREQUENCY OR DISTRIBUTION OF MARGINALS THAT CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO REDISTRICTING.

THE 1982 LOCAL ELECTIONS IN BRITIAN WERE THE FIRST ELECTIONS FOUGHT ON A NATIONWIDE BASIS BY THE LIBERAL/SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY ALLIANCE. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, THE RESULTS IN PROVINCIAL ENGLAND CAN BE ANALYSED TO PROVIDE CLUES TO THE CHARACTER OF SUPPORT FOR BRITIAN'S NEWEST POLITICIAL FORMATION. ALTHOUGH THE ALLIANCE ACHIEVED A SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER VOTE THAN THE LIBERALS HAS IN 1980, IT PROVED DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE A BREADTHROUGH IN TERMS OF WARDS WON-ESPECIALLY FOR THE SDP WHO TENDED TO CONTEST POORER PROSPECTS THAN THEIR LIBERAL PARTNERS. THERE IS ONLY WEAK EVIDENCE THAT THE SDP COULD MOBILIZE NEW SOURCES OF SUPPORT. THE EVEN SPREAD OF THE ALLIANCE'S VOTE WAS SUCH AS TO CAST DOUBT ON THEIR ABILITY TO WIN SEATS AT THE NEXT GENERAL ELECTION UNLESS A VERY HIGH LEVEL OF SUPPORT IS ATTAINED.

This archive includes all data compiled in the course of a systematic review on the association between family demographic processes and in-work poverty that represents the empirical material used in the following paper: Polizzi, Antonino; Struffolino, Emanuela; van Winkle, Zachary (2022): Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review. In: Advances in Life Course Research 52, Article 100462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100462
This article reviews ever published quantitative evidence on in-work poverty and family demographic processes in OECD and EU-28 countries.
In this systematic review, we first provide a quantitative review of results from analyses that estimated the association between in-work poverty and parental home leaving, union formation, marriage, parenthood, and dissolution of non-marital and marital unions. This allows us to formulate tentative conclusions about whether and in which direction family demographic processes are associated with in-work poverty. Second, we discuss in detail conceptual and methodological advances in in-work poverty research, that is analyses that deviated from the more conventional approaches adopted in the analyses selected for the quantitative review or that accounted for the interaction between family demographic processes and individual or context characteristics.
The methods report provides detailed information on all files included in the archive.

This archive includes all data compiled in the course of a systematic review on the association between family demographic processes and in-work poverty that represents the empirical material used in the paper Polizzi, Struffolino, Van Winkle. 2020. "Family Demographic Processes and In-Work Poverty: A Systematic Review." SocArXiv: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/zncaq

The systematic review aims at locating empirical results on these associations within a common grid to summarize the findings with respect to five family demographic processes: parental home leaving, cohabitation, parenthood and subsequent births, union formation, and union dissolution. We concentrate on empirical studies on in-work poverty in OECD and EU-28 countries without any restriction on the year of publication.

In the first part of the systematic review, we provide a quantitative review of results from a comparative pool of cross-sectional analyses. In the second part of the systematic review, we perform a narrative review of the literature that pays special attention to recent research implementing a longitudinal design with household panel data and to alternative operationalizations of pivotal variables.

The methods report provides detailed information on all files included in the archive.

Übungsteildatensatz zum Workbook "Political Participation".

Themen: Selbsteinschätzung der Klassenzugehörigkeit; Grad der
Parteiidentifikation; perzipierte Einflussmöglichkeit auf die Regierung;
politisches Interesse; Interesse am Wahlkampf; Interesse am Wahlausgang;
politisches Interesse des Vaters während der eigenen Kindheit; Teilnahme
an Wahlveranstaltungen; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl; regionale
Herkunft; wahrgenommene Unterschiede zwischen den Parteien;
Mediennutzung zur politischen Meinungsbildung; Parteipräferenz der
Eltern während der eigenen Kindheit; perzipierte Klassenkonflikte;
Klassenmobilität; Beurteilung der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Situation;
Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; wichtigste
politische Themen.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Konfession;
Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Schulbildung; Wohnortgröße;
Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Ortsansässigkeit; Charakteristika des
Haushaltsvorstands; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Beruf
und berufliche Position des Vaters; Aufwachsen in der Stadt oder auf dem
Land; soziale Herkunft.